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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the role of nosocomial infection informatics surveillance system in the prevention and control of multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs) infections. METHODS: The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University was selected as the study subjects, which had adopted the nosocomial infection informatics surveillance system since Jan.2020. The period of Jan.to Dec.2020 were regarded as the study period, and Jan.to Dec.2019 were regarded as the control period. The situation of nosocomial infection and MDROs infections in the two periods were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of nosocomial infections and underreporting of nosocomial infection cases in this hospital during the study period were 2.52%(1 325/52 624) and 1.74%(23/1 325), respectively, and the incidences of ventilator associated pneumonia(VAP), catheter related bloodstream infection(CRBSI), catheter related urinary tract infection(CAUTI)were 4.10(31/7 568), 2.11(14/6 634), and 2.50(25/9 993) respectively, which were lower than those during the control period(P< 0.05). The positive rate of pathogenic examination in the hospital during the study period was 77.95%(1 269/1 628), which was higher than that during the control period(P<0.05), the overall detection rate of MDROs was 15.77%(206/1 306), the detection rates of MDROs in Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were lower than those during the control period(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The development and application of the informatics technology-based surveillance system of nosocomial infection could effectively reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections and device related infections, decrease the under-reporting of infection cases, and also reduce the detection rate of MDROs as well as the proportion of MDROs detected in common pathogenic species.
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This proceedings contains 112 s that cover a wide range of topics related to microbiology. The s cover a wide range of topics related to microbiology, including new paradigms in a microbe-threatened world, the human-animal spillover of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications for public health, preparing for the next pandemic, antimicrobial resistance and the fight against it. Furthermore, tuberculosis, monkeypox, and their potential threat on a global scale are also discussed. The presentations also cover a variety of other topics, such as vaccines and vaccinations, COVID-19 vaccines, addressing vaccine hesitancy, key issues related to the COVID-19 healthcare system, regional support for outbreak preparedness, enhancing regional health security in Asia through genomic surveillance, the role of molecular diagnostic capacity in COVID-19 control, antimicrobial resistance in COVID-19 times, paediatric nosocomial infections, prescription ethics from a primary care perspective, the BCG vaccine and its relevance in the prevention of tuberculosis and beyond, tuberculosis as a forgotten pandemic, vector-borne diseases during COVID-19, the role of media advocacy in vector-borne diseases control and management, engaging communities in tackling vector-borne diseases, the way forward in managing mental health in the COVID-19 endemic phase, the spread of zoonotic diseases, and whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2: clinical applications and experience.
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This journal issue includes s of papers presented at the conference. Topics discussed are: sleeping characteristics among primary school children in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka;cosmetic effects of post thyroidectomy scar and evaluation of patient satisfaction;post-vaccination symptoms of COVID-19 vaccines among adults in Galle;multiple chest trauma in a victim of road traffic collision;anatomical variations of renal vein in a group of Sri Lankan cadavers;hospital acquired infections among patients in Intensive Care Units in Teaching Hospital, Karapitiya;serum Vitamin D level among 1 to 5-year-old children in Galle Municipality and Bope Poddala MOH area.
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The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has seriously affected people's normal work, life, and medical treatment. Since Mar. 2022, there has been a pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) omicron variant in Shanghai. In order to meet the needs of hospitalization for patients, and at the same time for better control of epidemic and nosocomial infections, a large hospital in Shanghai innovatively set up a centralized transition ward in the hospital, and established scientific rules of medical work, regulations for prevention of nosocomial infections and efficient norms for patient admission. During the operation of the ward, a total of 211 patients were treated and one of the patients was confirmed of COVID-19 recurrence. All work was carried out methodically, and neither hospitalized patients nor medical staff had nosocomial infection of COVID-19. The preparation, operation and management of the central transition ward in our hospital are summarized here to provide guidance and reference for general hospitals to carry out similar work under the epidemic.
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Introduction: Rise of major Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) can be mitigated by inculcating good infection control practices which can only be possible by proper and timely educational training of healthcare workers. Aim: To reinforce infection prevention and control knowledge and practices of nursing staff through proper training program- To conduct the training in multiple sessions, to assess the immediate outcome of training program by conducting Pre and Post test (in written format only) Materials and Methods: This study was done in a tertiary care hospital in Davangere, Karnataka over a period of 2 years. Healthcare workers including 144 nurses and 12 doctors underwent training in four sessions where knowledge on how to identify, audit and conduct surveillance of major healthcare associated infections, management of needlestick injuries were imparted through interactive lectures and video demonstrations followed by hands on hand hygiene, proper use and disposal of personal protective equipments. Pre and Post test were given to know their basal knowledge and effect of our training intervention. Data was collected, analyzed and tabulated. Results: Out of four sessions covering a total of 144 nurses, 84 were trained before the onset of COVID-19 and remaining 60 were trained in the latter half of 2021, when the lockdown was relaxed in our region. The mean total Knowledge score in pre test and post test was 5.93 +or- 1.336 and 7.95 +or- 1.040. The mean difference was -2.021 and it was statistically significant by paired test. (p - 0.001). The mean total practice pretest and post test score was 3.57 +or- 1.48 and 4.56 +or- 1.114. Paired t test showed significant mean difference between the pretest and post test score. (p - 0.001). Conclusion: Our training intervention was effective in increasing their awareness on proper infection prevention and control practices. Repeated training and retraining of healthcare care workers have to be carried out to prevent and control healthcare associated infections.
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The relationship between smoking and the lung damage volume in patients with a confirmed new coronavirus infection diagnosis, hospitalized in a temporary infectious hospital for the treatment of patients suffering from a new coronavirus infection and community-acquired pneumonia was evaluated. This was in the Odintsovo District's Patriot Park of the Moscow region. Smoking cigarettes, both active and passive, as well as exposure to tobacco smoke on the body, are important upper and lower respiratory tract infection risk factors due to local immune response suppression. Nevertheless, data from a number of international studies indicate a significantly lower number of hospitalized smoking patients compared to non-smokers. These indicators were investigated as the percentage and degree of lung damage, smoking history, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and the smoker's index. In the course of the study, the data on a smaller percentage of smokers admitted to inpatient treatment were confirmed in comparison with non-smokers and smokers in the general population. There was no statistically significant difference in the volume of lung damage between smoking and non-smoking patients according to the chest organs computed tomography. At the same time, there was an increase in the volume of lung tissue damage, depending on the smoking experience. This is apparently due to the irreversible changes formation in lung tissue against a long-term smoking background. The median age of smoking patients was 56 years with a variation from 46 to 68 years. The minimum and maximum ages were 29 and 82. The median lung lesion was 32% with a variation from 23% to 39%. The minimum and maximum lung damage is 10% and 40%, respectively. A moderate correlation was found between the smoking experience and the volume of lung damage. An increase in lung damage by 0.309% should be expected with an increase in smoking experience by one full year. There was also no statistically significant difference in the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the smoker's index.
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The provision of cardiac surgery services nationwide has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. We noticed a high COVID-19 mortality rate in unvaccinated patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 after recent cardiac surgery. All the patients were tested negative for COVID-19 before surgery. We conducted a review of our hospital data and reported our findings. We identified 15 patients and reported 7 deaths (46.7%). All the patients died from COVID-19 or its complications. We recommend that cardiac centres actively promote vaccination before cardiac surgery and also enhance infection control measures to prevent nosocomial infections.
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Objective: To investigate a nosocomial infection outbreak of Omicron BA.5.1.3 strain of SARS-CoV-2, and to analyze the transmission mode of Omicron BA.5.1.3 strain in hospitals, in order to evaluate the effect of nosocomial infection control and provide a basis for the epidemic prevention and control of this strain in hospitals. Methods: The onsite epidemiological methods were used to investigate the confirmed cases and their close contacts, and the prevention and control measures of nosocomial infection caused by this outbreak were studied. Results: The outbreak time of nosocomial infection was from August 4 to August 8, and the incubation period was 1-5 days, with an average incubation period of 3.0 days. The first confirmed case was a 53-year-old woman who received three doses of COVID-19 vaccine and accompanied the family of the patient in the hospital. She had traveled to a high-risk area three days before onset of the disease, and the virus type was Omicron BA.5.1.3 strain. The outbreak area was two adjacent wards of the hospital, and the incidence rates of inpatients in the two wards were 66.67% (2/3) and 33.33% (1/3), respectively. A total of 967 people were affected, including 1 imported case, 4 hospitalized cases (3 hospitalized patients and 1 nurse), 537 close contacts and 425 secondary close contacts. On August 5, the city's disease control and prevention telephone notified the first confirmed COVID-19 case. Within 0.5 hours, the ward where the case was located was sealed and static management was carried out. Measures such as district grid management, nucleic acid test in the whole hospital and in-hospital flow control were initiated. Environmental sampling, whole environment disinfection and telephone flow adjustment of case 1 were completed within 4 hours. Close contacts, secondary close contacts sampling and control were completed within 24 hours. We paid attention to the dynamics of close contacts and secondary close contacts, as if whose nucleic acid was positive, further measures could be taken to eliminate the risks. The hospital returned to normal management on August 13. Conclusion: The novel coronavirus BA.5.1.3 strain shows strong pathogenicity, short incubation period, causing overall mild disease. Timely and comprehensive prevention and control measures were the key meathods to nosocomial infection control.
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Introduction: During the second COVID-19 wave, two clinical pharmacists (CP) joined one of the COVID ward of the institution. They provided their expertise to the nursing staff from different departments of the institution. We present here their experience. Material and method: Clinical pharmacists took part in the daily healthcare transmissions. Then they intervened on medical or paramedical request. Data was extracted from their activity report. The satisfaction of the team was also evaluated anonymously. Results: Clinical pharmacists intervened for 82% of patients, mainly to advise non-specialist doctors on management of the COVID patients. Medication reconciliation at admission and discharge, carried out for respectively 45% and 30% of patients, contributed to the link between community medicine and hospital. The clinical pharmacists quickly integrated to the healthcare team, who was very satisfied with the help they provided. Conclusion: This experience highlights the added value of clinical pharmacy for the management of COVID patients. It improves the caregivers' quality of life at work, particularly in a context of health crisis, when habits are disrupted and the workload high.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of comprehensive management of pediatric COVID-19 cases in designated hospitals under 'mixed management mode' during the '0801' epidemic in Sanya. METHODS: A pediatric comprehensive ward of children and parents has been specially opened in the designated hospitals to carry out comprehensive treatment and management of pediatric children. RESULTS: From Aug 1, 2022 to Oct 1, 2022, Sanya Central Hospital(Hainan Third People's Hospital), as the designated hospital for the treatment of COVID-19 cases in South area of Hainan, a total of 251 children aged between 0 and 14 year old and 195 aged more than 14 years old were treated for COVID-19 in the pediatric comprehensive wards. Among children under 14 years old, including 10(4.0%) neonates aged between 0 and 28 days, 32(12.7%) cases aged between 29 days and 1 year old, 87(34.7%) cases aged between 1 and 3 years old and 122(48.6%) cases aged between 3 and 14 years old. There were 16(6.4%) cases of common type, 223(88.8%) cases of mild type, 12(4.8%)asymptomatic cases and 7(2.8%) re-positive cases. There were 246(98.0%) children with accompanying care and 5(2.0%) children without accompanying care and 23(9.2%) children complicated with underlying diseases. The youngest age was 11 days, and the oldest age was 77 years old. The large age span and poor compliance with treatment brought unprecedented challenges to the diagnosis and treatment of children in the designated hospitals. The mixed model of comprehensive management and multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment helped to achieve the ultimate goals of 'zero death of patients and 'zero infection' of health care workers. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive management means such as optimization of flow, stress on prevention and control of nosocomial infection, multidisciplinary collaboration and support of information platform offer strong guarantee for the mixed mode of management as well as scientific experience for centralized diagnosis and treatment of respiratory infectious diseases in children.
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Background: Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center was chosen as the designated facility for screening, diagnosing, and treating children in Guangzhou with SARS-CoV-2 infection after the COVID-19 outbreak in China. From January 23 to March 20, 2020, the center opened new wards for screening and treatment, taking measures to prevent and control nosocomial infections. This article summarizes and evaluates measures for preventing and controlling nosocomial infections to provide reference information during the pandemic. Methods: The COVID-19 nosocomial infection prevention and control strategies were summarized and analyzed, including the formulation of the hospital partition, the improvement of the hospitalization process, environmental cleaning and disinfection, graded protection based on risk assessment, enhanced training on-site quality control inspection, data monitoring and evaluation, among others, and evaluating the effects by comparing before and after the intervention. Results: There were 159 patients admitted to the screening wards, including 98 males and 61 females, with a median age of 34 years (interquartile range (IQR): 15, 60) months. There were no abnormal findings in these patients and their families during follow-up. During the screening ward opening period, hand hygiene compliance was significantly improved. Fifty staff members in close contact with the contaminated area had tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which showed zero infections and no nosocomial infections occurred. Conclusions: For SARS-CoV-2 nosocomial infections, taking the "standard prevention & contact isolation & droplet isolation & air isolation" strategies can prevent patients and staff effectively.
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Aim Emergency Departments (EDs) were impacted early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with high attendance numbers. EDs relied upon SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests to triage patients and facilitate admission to appropriate wards, meaning positive patients were isolated as early as possible. In October 2020, we introduced a 24-hour SARS-CoV-2 testing service. We examined the impact of this on patient experience times (PETs) in the ED, and on healthcare-associated (HA) COVID-19 infections. Methods Data on PETs before and after the introduction of 24-hour testing were available from the ED. HA COVID-19 infections were reported weekly to the Health Services Executive as a key performance indicator. Results Mean PET prior to the pandemic was 20 hours and dropped to 10 and 13 hours respectively in the first and second wave. A surge in case numbers and ED attendances during the third wave was not reflected in a rise in PETs, with a mean PET of 11 hours, significantly below pre-pandemic levels. HA-COVID-19 infections remained stable between wave one and three (83 v 92). Conclusion The introduction of 24-hour SARS-CoV-2 testing in our ED contributed to a reduction in PETs, facilitated appropriate patient placement at ward level, and kept HA-COVID-19 infections at acceptably low levels.
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BACKGROUND: The corona virus disease - 19 (COVID - 19) pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, as well as major social, educational and economic disruptions. Hospital staff have maximum exposure making it extremely crucial to find a solution to reduce the disease burden among the hospital staff. A sample of 170 consecutive hospital staff infected with COVID in the months from May 2020 to December 2020 was studied. It was a retrospective study done by analysis of out-patient department (OPD) and indoor patient records in that time period. The purpose of this study was to assess different sources and types of exposure of hospital staff to COVID 19 infection and prevent episodes of infection in hospital staff. METHODS: Survey of 170 COVID positive staff at a tertiary hospital was conducted and their potential sources of infection were documented. Source of infection could be other staff in hospital, room mates, patients, patient relatives, family, personal protective equipment (PPE) donning and doffing errors. Types of interaction could be in covid or non-covid areas of the hospital or during clinical encounters or social encounters within the hospital. RESULTS: Nurses (46%) and doctors (29%) constitute 75% of the total heath care staff infections in the hospital. Desk job staff, attendants, food and beverage workers and drivers together constitute 25% of the total health care staff infections in the hospital. The most common sources of infection were found to be social interaction and patient interaction. The infections were acquired much more in the non-covid areas of the hospital than in the covid areas. 65% of infections were acquired within three days of exposure and 87% of total infections were acquired within 6 days of exposure. 77% of infections were acquired within the hospital premises in patient and social interaction cases. CONCLUSIONS: Staff acquisition of COVID was found to be significantly higher in non-covid than in covid areas. Social distancing measures, mask use, hand hygiene, attention to PPE would help in significant drop in new COVID infections in hospital.
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BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, many changes were done in the hospital practice, and new guidelines were issued in order to contain the infection spread. One of the most common measures is represented by a correct and frequent hand washing. Recently, an association between increased adherence to hand hygiene (HH) protocols and reduction in hospital infections was documented however no studies about the surgical wound infection rate were reported in the Literature. METHODS: The present study represents a multicentric retrospective epidemiological study. The HH compliance rate was recorded through direct observations by trained nurses, 24 h a day. The primary outcome was HH compliance rate. The association of HH with spinal surgical wound infections was the secondary outcome. RESULTS: We reported a compliance to HH practices during the pandemic period of 85.2% compared with 57% observed during 2019. Our analysis showed an overall surgical wound infection reduction of 66.6% during the hospital stay in the pandemic period. CONCLUSION: Hand hygiene has always been considered one of the most effective, reproducible and low-cost weapons to deal with hospital infections. The good health habits acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic should be maintained even after the virus is eradicated.
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SARS-CoV-2 has severely affected capacity in the National Health Service (NHS), and waiting lists are markedly increasing due to downtime of up to 50 min between patient consultations/procedures, to reduce the risk of infection. Ventilation accelerates this air cleaning, but retroactively installing built-in mechanical ventilation is often cost-prohibitive. We investigated the effect of using portable air cleaners (PAC), a low-energy and low-cost alternative, to reduce the concentration of aerosols in typical patient consultation/procedure environments. The experimental setup consisted of an aerosol generator, which mimicked the subject affected by SARS-CoV-19, and an aerosol detector, representing a subject who could potentially contract SARS-CoV-19. Experiments of aerosol dispersion and clearing were undertaken in situ in a variety of rooms with two different types of PAC in various combinations and positions. Correct use of PAC can reduce the clearance half-life of aerosols by 82% compared to the same indoor-environment without any ventilation, and at a broadly equivalent rate to built-in mechanical ventilation. In addition, the highest level of aerosol concentration measured when using PAC remains at least 46% lower than that when no mitigation is used, even if the PAC's operation is impeded due to placement under a table. The use of PAC leads to significant reductions in the level of aerosol concentration, associated with transmission of droplet-based airborne diseases. This could enable NHS departments to reduce the downtime between consultations/procedures.
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Air Filters , COVID-19 , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , State Medicine , Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets , HospitalsABSTRACT
This article identified the source and reason for spread of COVID-19 infection and devise recommendations to halt the progress of infection in a non-COVID area. Results showed that 34 persons were impacted by the outbreak, which lasted from December 19, 2020, to January 12, 2021. Attack frequency was 9.2%. This study determined that inadequacies in infection control procedures, a high bed-to-patient ratio, anomalies in the ventilation system, overcrowding by patient attendants, and a communication gap between nursing officers and doctors were the root causes of the present outbreak. After the last confirmed case, the necessary controls for the outbreak were put in place, and no new instances were recorded for two weeks. SARS-CoV 2 nosocomial outbreaks are a concern in non-COVID hospital settings as well, so it is important to adhere to the same tight infection control procedures there as in COVID areas to stop these outbreaks.
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On 21 September 2021, the Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) annual report 2020 was published by Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infection (ARHAI) Scotland. The report reflects the work undertaken on healthcare associated infection (HCAI) prevention and reducing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during 2020. Data are provided for common HCAIs, which are an important cause of severe illness, death, and higher treatment costs. This year the report also includes analysis of hospital onset COVID-19 and its impact on other Scottish national surveillance systems. In 2020, the global pandemic brought new problems, and NHS National Services Scotland's ARHAI Scotland was a key part of the national COVID-19 response to the pandemic. This report shows how far ARHAI Scotland has come in helping to reduce HCAIs in NHS Scotland. It also gives data to help local and national efforts to prevent HCAIs.
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The transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 include droplet, air and contact transmission, but regardless of the transmission route, the virus must eventually be exposed through the oral, nasal and ocular mucous membranes to invade the human body. Guaranteeing the respiratory protection of front-line medical staff in the prevention and control of COVID-19 is one of the primary tasks of nosocomial infection management. According to "Technical Guidelines for Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in Healthcare Settings (3rd Edition)", oral/nasal cavity can be disinfected with hydrogen peroxide, iodophor, in the event of occupational respiratory exposure. But, at the moment, In the field of nosocomial management, compared with hand hygiene, "mucosal hygiene" is rarely mentioned, especially the treatment of respiratory mucosa after exposure to acute infectious respiratory pathogens, which is still blank in the domestic research. After a rapid literature review, it is found that some antiseptics have been widely used in clinical practices, such as gargling with bactericidal solution before the diagnosis and treatment procedure for dental patients under COVID-19 epidemic, nasal decolonization for patients undergoing elective surgery to prevent surgical site infection, and use of eye drops of antiseptics to prevent neonatal conjunctivitis. In view of the current lack of effective antiviral drugs for treatment of SARS-CoV-2, and the constantly emerging mutant strains can break through the immune barrier of human body, this paper recommends that medical personnel use antiseptics for emergency mucosal disinfection as an supporting measure for respiratory tract protection after accidental exposure to SARS-CoV-2 of oral, nasal and ocular mucosa.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the construction mode of full-time staff for infection control in prefecture-level cities under the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to lay a foundation for infection control of epidemic prevention and control and medical safety. METHODS: A three-level collaborative promotion system which was led by the health administrative department, undertaken by the hospital association, and cooperated by the quality control center was established. Refinement of the promotion measures was taken from six aspects, including the number of full-time staff, team management, ability improvement, echelon construction, development space and discipline construction and so on. Specifically, the construction and assessment of full-time personnel was strengthened, training courses on nosocomial infection management in primary-level medical institutions was carried out, a youth backbone echelon was established, the treatment of full-time staff was guaranteed and the department of infection management was incorporated into the management of medical technology departments in an exploratory way, the evaluation standard of municipal key clinical specialties was formulated and the evaluation was organized, and the department of nosocomial infection with strong comprehensive strength would be built and supported as a "municipal clinial key specialty project". RESULTS: The total number of full-time staff for infection control in the secondary and tertiary medical institutions in the city had increased to 102, and the ratio of person to bed had increased to 1:76 and 1:173, respectively, both higher than the provincial average level. The self-assessment of the cultural atmosphere of infection control in hospitals and the leaders' emphasis on infection control of 60.34% and 63.79% full-time staff increased significantly. The infection control management department of the two third-grade first-class hospitals ware selected as the first batch of municipal key clinical specialties and received construction funds. The full-time staff had achieved zero breakthroughs in the provincial projects and municipal talent projects. CONCLUSION: By establishing a three-level collaborative promotion system of "Health and Health Commission-Hospital Association-Quality Control Center", the ability of full-time staff and their sense of belonging could be improved significantly with a policy support from the aspects of discipline development, treatment and promotion channels, et al., providing ideas and models for ordinary prefecture-level cities to build professional infection control management team.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli(CRO) infection and the economic burden in a tertiary general hospital of Qinghai province. METHODS: The clinical data, length of hospital stay and costs of hospitalization were retrospectively collected from the patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa hospital-acquired infection who were hospitalized in Qinghai Provincial Hospital from Jan 2017 to Dec 2017. The patients were divided into the drug-resistant group and the non drug-resistant group according to the result of drug susceptibility testing. The length of hospital stay and hospitalization cost were compared between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: A total of 521 patients were involved in the study, 120 of who had CRO infection(the drug-resistant group), and 40 had carbapenem-sensitive organisms infection(the non drug-resistant group). The median length of hospital stay of the drug-resistant group was 19 days, the median total hospitalization cost was 31 292 yuan;the median length of hospital stay of the non drug-resistant group was 15 days, the median total hospitalization cost was 22 610 yuan, and there were significant differences between the two groups(P<0.05). Stratified analysis showed that the median length of hospital stay of the patients with carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae infection was 17 days, the medial total hospitalization cost 25 227 yuan, the length of hospital stay of the non drug-resistant group was 14 day, the median total hospitalization cost 20 326 yuan;the median lengths of hospital stay of the patients with respiratory tract infection and the patients with bloodstream infection were respectively 19 days and 30 days in the drug-resistant group, the median total hospitalization costs were respectively 30 315 yuan and 30 050 yuan;the median lengths of hospital stay of the patients with respiratory tract infection and the patients with bloodstream infection were respectively 15 days and 13 days in the non drug-resistant group, the median total hospitalization costs were respectively 21 562 yuan and 24 853 yuan, and there were significant differences(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The hospital-acquired CRO infection may lead to the increase of length of hospital stay and hospitalization cost of the hospitalized patients as well as the economic burden. It is necessary to take effective measures to reduce the incidence of hospital-acquired CRO infection.